Per? and polyfluoroalkyl substance removal in carbon?based advanced treatment for potable reuse

The persistence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in wastewater effluent highlights the need for active monitoring and targeted removal these compounds potable reuse applications. City Altamonte Springs' permanent demonstration facility, pureALTA, employs a carbon-based advanced treatment process using multiple barriers to provide water that meets state federal regulatory requirements health guidelines unregulated contaminants. combination ozonation, biological activated carbon filtration (BAC), ultrafiltration (UF), granular adsorption (GAC), UV oxidation (UV AOP) showed complete long-chain PFAAs (perfluoroalkyl sulfonic with ?6 carbons carboxylic ?7 carbons) guidelines, such as perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctane sulfonate treated while maintaining total organic (TOC) levels below 3 mg/L, limit Florida indirect reuse. Ozone, BAC, UF increases varying based on transformation precursors. GAC was critical both TOC PFAA removal; anticipated media's age defined extent short-chain perfluoropentanoic perfluorohexanoic acid. Because limits projects absence regulations PFAAs, continues dictate media change-out frequency operating cost. However, performance control strategy at pureALTA may change if stringent are set future. As May 2021, has been operation more than 4 years operate, providing an opportunity continued research community engagement. Article Impact Statement study represents first pilot-scale evaluation correlation Florida.